Linux is a free and open-source operating system (OS) kernel that serves as the foundation for many operating systems, commonly referred to as Linux distributions or “distros.” It is widely used in various environments, from personal computers to servers, mobile devices, and embedded systems. Created by Linus Torvalds in 1991, Linux has become a critical component of modern computing due to its flexibility, stability, security, and efficiency.

Key Features of Linux:

1. Open-Source:
   • Linux is free to use, modify, and distribute. Its source code is openly available, allowing users to customize the operating system according to their needs.
2. Kernel-Based Architecture:
   • The Linux kernel is the core component responsible for managing system resources, including memory, processes, and hardware interactions.
3. Security:
   • Linux is known for its robust security model, with strong user permissions, process isolation, and a vast community that regularly patches vulnerabilities. Its structure makes it less vulnerable to viruses and malware compared to other operating systems.
4. Stability and Reliability:
   • Linux is highly stable and can run for extended periods without needing to reboot, making it ideal for servers and mission-critical applications.
5. Flexibility:
   • Linux can be used in various environments, from desktops and laptops to servers, supercomputers, and IoT devices. It can be customized with different desktop environments, tools, and utilities.
6. Command-Line Interface (CLI):
   • Linux offers a powerful CLI, allowing users to execute commands, automate tasks, and manage system resources efficiently. Tools like Bash and Zsh are widely used for scripting and system administration.
7. File System Support:
   • Linux supports multiple file systems such as ext4, XFS, Btrfs, and ZFS, offering users flexibility in managing data storage.
8. Package Management:
   • Linux distributions use package managers (e.g., APT, YUM, DNF) to install, update, and remove software. This makes it easy to manage software across different systems.